Disadvantages of 4D Printing Despite its potential benefits, 4D printing also has some drawbacks: Complexity: Designing and manufacturing 4D printed objects can be more complex than traditional 3D printing, requiring advanced knowledge of materials science and engineering.

4D printing refers to single-material or multi-material printing of a device or object that can be transformed from a 1D strand into pre-programed 3D shape, from a 2D surface into preprogramed 3D shape and is capable of morphing between different dimensions.

Types of Printing Material. 3D printing materials can vary widely, with options that include plastic, powders, resins, metal and carbon fiber. These materials make 3D printing a promising option for many parts, from highly accurate aerospace and industrial machinery components to customized consumer goods.

The first 3D printers The earliest 3D printer originated in 1981, when Dr. Hideo Kodama invented one of the first rapid prototyping machines that created parts layer by layer, using a resin that could be polymerized by UV light.